Exploits & Vulnerabilities
CVE-2023-36025 Exploited for Defense Evasion in Phemedrone Stealer Campaign
This blog delves into the Phemedrone Stealer campaign's exploitation of CVE-2023-36025, the Windows Defender SmartScreen Bypass vulnerability, for its defense evasion and investigates the malware's payload.
During routine threat hunting, Trend Micro uncovered evidence pointing to an active exploitation of CVE-2023-36025 to infect users with a previously unknown strain of the malware, Phemedrone Stealer.
Phemedrone targets web browsers and data from cryptocurrency wallets and messaging apps such as Telegram, Steam, and Discord. It also takes screenshots and gathers system information regarding hardware, location, and operating system details. The stolen data is then sent to the attackers via Telegram or their command-and-control (C&C) server. This open-source stealer is written in C# and is actively maintained on GitHub and Telegram.
CVE-2023-36025 affects Microsoft Windows Defender SmartScreen and stems from the lack of checks and associated prompts on Internet Shortcut (.url) files. Threat actors can leverage this vulnerability by crafting .url files that download and execute malicious scripts that bypass the Windows Defender SmartScreen warning and checks.
Microsoft patched CVE-2023-36025 on Nov. 14, 2023. However, due to evidence of in-the-wild exploitation, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) also added this vulnerability to the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) list. It has come to public attention that various demos and proof-of-concept codes have been circulated on social media, detailing the exploitation of CVE-2023-36025. Since details of this vulnerability first emerged, a growing number of malware campaigns, one of which distributes the Phemedrone Stealer payload, have incorporated this vulnerability into their attack chains.
Initial access via cloud-hosted malicious URLs
It's important to note that this analysis is based on the modified version that was used in the attack we investigated. To bootstrap the Phemedrone Stealer infection process, the attacker hosts a series of malicious Internet Shortcut files on Discord or other cloud services such as FileTransfer.io. The files are also often disguised using URL shorteners such as shorturl.at. An unsuspecting user might then be enticed to or tricked into opening a maliciously crafted .url file that exploits CVE-2023-36025.
Defense evasion by exploiting CVE-2023-36025
Once the malicious .url file exploiting CVE-2023-36025 is executed, it connects to an attacker-controlled server to download and execute a control panel item (.cpl) file. Microsoft Windows Defender SmartScreen should warn users with a security prompt before executing the .url file from an untrusted source. However, the attackers craft a Windows shortcut (.url) file to evade the SmartScreen protection prompt by employing a .cpl file as part of a malicious payload delivery mechanism. Threat actors leverage MITRE ATT&CK technique T1218.002, which abuses the Windows Control Panel process binary (control.exe) to execute .cpl files. Note that these files are DLL files.
When the malicious .cpl file is executed through the Windows Control Panel process binary, it in turn calls rundll32.exe to execute the DLL. This malicious DLL acts as a loader that then calls on Windows PowerShell to download and execute the next stage of the attack, hosted on GitHub. The next stage is another PowerShell loader named DATA3.txt.
The file DATA3.txt is an additional obfuscated loader that uses PowerShell string and digit manipulation techniques to mask its contents and make deciphering its true purpose more difficult during static analysis.
Using a combination of static and dynamic analysis, we can deobfuscate the GitHub-hosted loader, which gives us a series of PowerShell commands that this script executes. This loader downloads a ZIP file hosted on the same GitHub repository to a hidden directory created using the Windows attribute utility binary (attrib.exe).
The zip archive contains three files:
- WerFaultSecure.exe. This is a legitimate Windows Fault Reporting binary.
- Wer.dll. This is a malicious binary that is sideloaded when WerFaultSecure.exe is executed.
- Secure.pdf. This is an RC4-encrypted second stage loader.
Persistence using scheduled tasks and DLL sideloading
The wer.dll file is a crucial component of the loader's functionality as it decrypts and runs the second stage loader and achieves persistence by creating scheduled tasks that we will detail here. The malware utilizes multiple techniques to evade detection and complicate reverse engineering, such as API hashing and string encryption. Additionally, this DLL is packed and protected by VMProtect.
The loader is executed using the DLL sideloading technique, where the attacker spoofs a malicious DLL file in the application's directory. This tricks the operating system into loading the malicious file instead of the legitimate one. In the case we investigated, WerFaultSecure.exe executes the WerpSetExitListeners function from wer.dll, which triggers the loader to run.
The loader uses a technique called dynamic API resolving to hide its API imports and make it harder for static analysis. This technique involves storing the hashes of the necessary APIs instead of their names, and then importing them dynamically at runtime. In the case we investigated, the loader uses the Cyclic Redundancy Check 32 (CRC-32) hashing algorithm, contents of which are detailed in the following table.
| 998B531E | KERNEL32.DLL |
| 46DED02D | GetModuleHandleExW |
| 0FC6B42F1 | GetModuleFileNameW |
| 0C97C1FFF | GetProcAddress |
| 3FC1BD8D | LoadLibraryA |
| 0F29DDD0C | lstrcatW |
| 759903FC | CreateDirectoryW |
| 0A1EFE929 | CreateFileW |
| 0A7FB4165 | GetFileSize |
| 8B35A289 | LocalAlloc |
| 95C03D0 | ReadFile |
| 0B09315F4 | CloseHandle |
| 0B1866570 | GetModuleHandleA |
| 0F54D69C8 | CopyFileW |
Table 1. The hashes in the loader’s dynamic API resolving, and their corresponding API names
The loader uses an XOR-based algorithm with dynamic key generation for string decryption. For each byte, the algorithm generates a unique key based on its position in the buffer, using the formula (characterIndex % <num1> + <num2>). This key is then XORed with the byte to reveal the original character. Each encrypted string has its own decryption function with unique <num1> and <num2> to make the string decryption automation harder.
The following is a list of decrypted strings from the first stage loader:
- “/F /CREATE /TN "Licensing2" /tr "C:\Users\Public\Libraries\Books\WerFaultSecure.exe" /sc minute /MO 90"
- \\secure.pdf
- \\wer.dll
- \\WerFaultSecure.exe
- Activeds.dll
- advapi32
- AllocADsMem
- C:\\Users\\Public\\Libraries\\Books\\secure.pdf
- C:\\Users\\Public\\Libraries\\Books\\wer.dll
- C:\\Users\\Public\\Libraries\\Books\\WerFaultSecure.exe
- C:\Windows\explorer.exe
- C:\Windows\System32\schtasks.exe
- CreateProcessW
- CryptCATCDFOpen
- kernel32.dll
- PathRemoveFileSpecW
- ReallocADsMem
- Shlwapi.dll
- SystemFunction032
- Wintrust.dll
The loader maintains persistence by creating a directory named C:\Users\Public\Libraries\Books and copies wer.dll, secure.pdf, and WerFaultSecure.exe from the current execution directory to this location. It then executes the schtasks.exe command with the arguments "/F /CREATE /TN \"Licensing2\" /tr \"C:\\Users\\Public\\Libraries\\Books\\WerFaultSecure.exe\" /sc minute /MO 90", scheduling the WerFaultSecure.exe to run at 90-minute intervals.
The loader then advances to the second stage wherein the encrypted second-stage loader is in a file called secure.pdf. To decrypt it, the malware utilizes an undocumented function, SystemFunction032 from advapi32.dll, which performs RC4 decryption. It then uses the AllocADsMem and ReallocADsMem functions from Activeds.dll to allocate memory and relocate the decrypted content. Finally, it calls VirtualProtect to modify the memory region of the decrypted buffer to Executable-Read-Write.
The malware then uses API callback functions to redirect the flow of execution to the second stage. Callback functions are routines that are passed as a parameter to Windows API functions. Later, these routines are called by the API to perform specific functionalities. In the case we investigated, the malware uses the CryptCATCDFOpen function, which is used for handling cryptographic catalog files in Windows. It requires two parameters: a file path (pwszFilePath) and an optional callback function (PFN_CDF_PARSE_ERROR_CALLBACK). The loader passes the second stage shellcode Entry Point (EP) to the second parameter, PFN_CDF_PARSE_ERROR_CALLBACK. When the API function is called, the callback function is executed and the malicious code is run.
Second-stage defense evasion
The attacker used a second-stage loader known as Donut, an open-source shellcode that allows the execution of VBScript, JScript, EXE files, DLL files, and .NET assemblies in memory. Donut can be embedded directly into the loader, or it can be staged from an HTTP server or a DNS server. In the case we investigated, the attacker chose to embed it directly into the loader.
Donut can compress input files using aPLib, LZNT1, Xpress, and Xpress Huffman using RtlCompressBuffer. It can also encrypt the payload using the Chaskey block cipher. However, in this case, only payload encryption is used, without any compression.
For the final payload execution, Donut is configured to use the Unmanaged CLR Hosting API to load the Common Language Runtime (CLR). Once the CLR is successfully loaded into the host process, a new Application Domain is created to allow for running assemblies in disposable AppDomains. After the AppDomain is ready, Donut loads the .NET assembly and invokes the payload’s entry point.
Phemedrone Stealer paylaod analysis
- Phemedrone credential access
When executed, the malware initializes its configuration and decrypts certain items such as a Telegram API token, chat ID, and Email_To mutex (used for synchronization). This is done using a predefined salt and encryption key and the RijndaelManaged symmetric encryption algorithm. The process involves removing the "CRYPTED:" prefix from the strings, converting the remaining base64-encoded strings into byte arrays and decrypting these arrays to extract the original plain- text values.
The malware program uses the “MutexCheck.Check()” method to ensure that it doesn't operate concurrently with another instance of itself. It does this by creating a mutex and using the value of "Config.Email_To" as a synchronization mechanism. If the mutex is already in use, indicating that another instance of the malware is active, the program will immediately terminate itself using “Environment.FailFast("")”. The decrypted mutex value is detected as 5dad16bd-6884-4ab8-b182-a504b4c99bcf.
The malware targets a wide range of applications and services that might exist on a victim's computer, aiming in each case to extract specific types of sensitive information:
- Chromium-based browsers. The malware harvests data, including passwords, cookies, and autofill information stored in apps such as LastPass, KeePass, NordPass, Google Authenticator, Duo Mobile, and Microsoft Authenticator, among others.
- Crypto wallets. It extracts files from various cryptocurrency wallet applications such as Armory, Atomic, Bytecoin, Coninomi, Jaxx, Electrum, Exodus, and Guarda.
- Discord. Phemedrone extracts authentication tokens from the Discord application, enabling unauthorized access to the user's account.
- FileGrabber. The malware uses this service to gather user files from designated folders such as Documents and Desktop.
- FileZilla. Phemedrone captures FTP connection details and credentials from FileZilla.
- Gecko. The malware targets Gecko-based browsers for user data extraction.
- System Information. Phemedrone collects extensive system details, including hardware specs, geolocation, and operating system information, and takes screenshots.
- Steam. Phemedrone accesses files related to the Steam gaming platform.
- Telegram. The malware extracts user data from the installation directory, specifically targeting authentication-related files within the “tdata” folder. This includes seeking out files based on size and naming patterns.
The malware uses a custom method called RuntimeResolver.GetInheritedClasses<IService>() to dynamically find all subclasses of IService. This method uses reflection to scan the assembly. The services are grouped based on their priority levels, allowing them to be processed in a specific order. For each service in the grouped list, Phemedrone creates and starts a new thread. This enables each service to begin its Run method concurrently, which in turn executes the Collect method defined in each service.
- Command and control for data exfiltration
Once all threads have completed execution, the code iterates through the services again. For each service, it collects the data gathered by the service, and uses the MemoryStream and ZipStorage classes to handle and compress this information. MemoryStream is a flexible in-memory buffer that can store data temporarily, allowing for quick and efficient handling of the information without the need for disk I/O operations. Following this, ZipStorage is utilized to compress the data into a ZIP file format directly within the MemoryStream.
Before initiating data exfiltration, the malware validates the Telegram API token using the TokenIsValid method by making an API call to Telegram's getMe endpoint. This API call is constructed using the stored Telegram API token. If the response received starts with {"ok":true, then it is considered a valid token. However, if any exception occurs during this process, the exception is logged and the method returns false, indicating that the token is not valid. If the token is not valid, it immediately terminates the process by calling Environment.Exit(0).
After validating the Telegram API token, the malware proceeds to send the attacker various system information and statistics. This is achieved through the SendMessage method in the global::Telegram.Telegram class.
The Collect method gathers extensive system information and statistics, including geolocation data (such as IP, country, city, postal code), hardware information (such as username, machine name, operating system, hardware ID, GPU, CPU, RAM), and data from web browsers (passwords, cookies, credit cards, autofills, extensions, wallets, files), as well as details about installed antivirus products.
The following images are an example of a summary report generated by the Phemedrone Stealer, detailing how extensive the data exfiltration via network traffic can be. This report includes key information about the compromised system and user data, encompassing aspects such as geolocation, hardware specifications, web data statistics, and security features of the system.
The next step is to exfiltrate the ZIP-compressed stream containing the full version of the harvested data. This is done through the SendZip method, which uses an HTTP POST request to communicate with the Telegram API. The compressed file is sent as a “document” through this request.
The SendZip and MakeFormRequest2 methods are responsible for constructing the multipart/form-data request. They ensure that the appropriate headers are set and that the file data is streamed correctly. This request is sent to the Telegram sendDocument API endpoint using the bot token and chat ID. The process includes error handling and retries, ensuring that the file upload is successful.
The snippet in Figure 21 is an example of compressed data exfiltration via Telegram network traffic:
Conclusion
Despite having been patched, threat actors continue to find ways to exploit CVE-2023-36025 and evade Windows Defender SmartScreen protections to infect users with a plethora of malware types, including ransomware and stealers like Phemedrone Stealer.
Malware strains such as Phemedrone Stealer highlight the evolving nature of sophisticated malware threats and malicious actors' ability to quickly enhance their infection chains by adding new exploits for critical vulnerabilities in everyday software. The case discussed here explores the relationship between open-source malware and public proof-of-concept exploits, as significant cross-pollination occurs between the release of a public proof-of-concept and its incorporation into malware infection chains.
Organizations must make sure to update Microsoft Windows installations to prevent being exposed to the Microsoft Windows Defender SmartScreen Bypass (CVE-2023-36025). Public proof-of-concept exploit code exists on the web increasing the risk to organizations who have not yet updated to the latest patched version.
It is critical for organizations to adopt technologies such as Trend Vision One™️ to protect mission-critical data from advanced cyberthreats. Trend Vision One enables security teams to continuously identify known, unknown, managed, and unmanaged cyber assets. It also offers comprehensive prevention, detection, and response capabilities backed by AI, advanced threat research, and intelligence, leading to faster detection, response, and remediation.
Organizations should also consider employing a cutting-edge multilayered defensive strategy via comprehensive security solutions such as Trend Micro™ Managed XDR, which can detect, scan, and block malicious content across the modern threat landscape.
Indicators of Compromise (IoCs)
You can find the full list of Phemedrone Stealer IoCs here.